The Gilded Age (1865 - 1912).

- 1865, Lee’s surrender – 1912, A. Lincoln’s death

- boom times of vulgarity, specious glitter, and superficial glow

H u m a n i t a r i a n i s m :

- A. Lincoln’s ‘Emancipation Proclamation’ (1865): abolition of slavery >> illegal slavery

- an amendment to the Constitution: feminism and suffrage movement

- a new view of minority ethnicities

I n d u s t r i a l i s a t i o n :

- spread of technology: movement of people, recess of wilderness

- a gradual closing of the frontier [= the edge of the Am. civilisation]: pushed westwards, in the 19^th c. almost everything colonised

- urbanisation: the slaves leaving the South and the immigrants coming to the cities

- social problems attendant on the urban areas growth: overpopulation, unemployment, and poor housing conditions

- most people extremely poor: a rise of slums, people riots, and labour unrest

- few people very wealthy: ‘old money’ x ‘new money’ tycoons (Carnegie, Rockefeller, & oth.)

S e c u l a r i s m :

< C. Darwin > a turn away from the (mostly Christian) faith

- a breakdown of a traditional family: a disintegrating family structure resulting from people’s leaving their families and countries to try to become successful (W. Faulkner)

- an increasingly chaotic life

L i t e r a t u r e :

- rise of ethnic writers in late 19^th and early 20^th c.: Jewish Am. writers and immigrant writers

- prominence of new movements: Realism and Naturalism

- introd. of new language:

(a) colloquial speech: M. Twain, W. D. Howells, and H. James

(b) regional speech patterns: S. O. Jewett and K. Chopin