Úvod
Ke zkoušce z fonetiky zřejmě neexistuje žádný oficiální seznam zkušebních témat, tudíž jsem si látku předmětu rozdělila do menších logických celků dle vlastního uvážení.
Informovaný čtenář snad pochopí to, co nechápe můj počítač, a to, že diakritická znaménka IPA se píší přesně pod/nad symbol (nikoliv tedy někde před či za, jak se mi někdy děje). Ve webové verzi je bohužel diakritika dost špatně čitelná, ale v dokumentech ke stažení se už zobrazuje zřetelně.
Všechny materiály si můžete stáhnout současně v jediném dokumentu, viz odkaz umístěný na této stránce pod anketou, anebo jednotlivě po rozkliknutí příslušných článků, odkaz pak najdete opět pod anketou.
Fonetika a fonologie
(1) Phonetics and Phonology: Defining the Discipline
- both describe the sounds + the combinatory possibilities of the sounds and the prosody of the language (how pitch, loudness and length work to produce accent, rhythm, and intonation)
Phonetics
- describes...
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(2) Articulatory Phonetics
The Vocal Organs
- the respiratory system pushes air out of the lungs > the windpipe (= trachea) > the larynx > the vocal tract
- the vocal tract: the vocal cords > the oral tract within the mouth...
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(3) Phonetic Features
- statements conc. phonemic categories and allophonic variants made wrt only one variety of one language
- the features stated mainly in articulatory terms, only some of them in auditory or acoustic
- binary...
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(4) Prosodic Features
- vowels and consonants = segments
- together form the syllables
- features imposed on the syllables = suprasegmentals, or, prosodic features
- suprasegmentals infl. patterns extending over larger chunks of...
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(5) IPA Transcription
Phonological versus Phonetic Transcription
- IPA = International Phonetic Association
- founded in 1886 by a group of leading phoneticians from Fr., Ger., GB, and Denmark
- the International Phonetic...
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(6) The Consonant Inventory of English
- the consonant inventory of E: 24 phonemes
- 6 of them with restricted occurrence /h, r, ʒ, ŋ; w, j/
The Distinctive Consonants
- a process of commutation = the discovery of minimal pairs
- 24 distinctive...
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(7) Allophones of English Consonants
Stops
Variations in the Manner
- aspiration, indicated by a small raised letter h [h] = a period of voicelessness after the stop articulation and before the start of the voicing for the vowel (‘pie, tie, kye’...
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(8) The Vowel Inventory of English
- the vowel inventory of E: 20 vowels
- 12 monophthongs, 8 diphthongs
Relatively Pure Vowels
/i:/ (‘bead’)
- description: high front unrounded, near to Cardinal Vowel 1 [i]
- variants: diphthongization in...
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(9) Allophones of English Vowels
- vowel sounds form a continuum, no distinct boundaries btw one type of vowel and another
- x unlike consonant sounds (a consonant may be e.g. a stop or a fricative, not halfway btw the two)
- the traditional...
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(10) Phonological Rules
- phonological rules = describe the variations of the sounds in terms of simple statements about regular sound patterns
- not prescriptive x but: descriptive rules
Allophones of English Consonants
(a) [−...
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(11) RP and GA
Standards of Pronunciation
- the extreme sensitivity of the British to variations in the pronunciation of E unparalleled in any oth. country
=> a standard pronunciations exists, though never explicitly...
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(12) Non-standard Varieties of English
- basilectal varieties = used by lower socio-economic classes and middle classes in informal situations
Scottish English (SE)
= an alternative standard to RP within the British Isles
Vowel Differences
- SE...
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(13) Non-native Pronunciation of English
Teaching the Pronunciation of English
- vocabulary and grammatical structures can be ordered and taught in sequence
- x pronunciation does not permit such progressive treatment, all phonetic/phonological...
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